Hi Jeremy.
Yes, hallmarks - or more correctly sponsor's marks are the marks on precious metal which identify what metal, where and when the item was made and who made it. They are the origin of the phrase 'making one's mark' because that is exactly what I do. Hold my unique sponsor's mark punch on every piece made and wallop it into the metal with a big hammer! (though now marks can also be lasered on)
Those marks on the piece on this thread are not hallmarks. They may be some sort of logo - like the mikimoto m in a shell (which is not a hallmark but a trade logo. It can only really be a hallmark when it has been to Goldsmith's Hall in London to be marked) . A sponsor's mark will always have two or three initials.
An item doesn't get marked unless the metal is up to 'proof'. I applied some 18ct gold to some silver rings and it came back with a stern note that I was to sell it as sterling silver with 'other metal'
The date is shown by an initial in a specific shape.
lots of info available for a brief search 'hallmarks'