Yes Pattye--I would be glad to give a reference and a brief definition. The brightness of fire scale was developed and is fully described (takes a chapter!) in his book, Opal Identification and Value (Paul B. Downing, 2003 for revised edition). The scale of brightness is just one of the scales that he uses to evaluate an opal. It is a rather complex system, for example, brightness of fire is rather different from saturation of fire color, which is different from fire color, per se. He does go to great lengths to try to operationally define the dimensions and the scale points, but it still requires so experience and practice with actual opals.
The brightness of fire scale is judged under standard conditions using a grading lamp. The scale ranges from 1 (really dull under ideal light) to 5 (so bright that the fire is almost like a flashlight). He says that most people, even those with some opal experience, have probably never actually seen a 5, so one can only speculate what a five actually looks like. 4 is exceptional, 4.5 is really exceptional, and 3.5 is a very good opal in terms of fire brightness.
Other criteria, such as directionality of the fire, must be considered and are not totally independent of brightness (which may be downgraded if the bright fire is very directional). However, there is an independent rating of directionality in his system.
Well, I do tend to be "long winded" so brief was not so brief. If you are interested in opals the book is worth having.
Peace, Beth