Hi Caitlin,
Just noticed I had not responded to your question from January! I am sorry about that!
The pictures from that factory were all Akoya pearls.
Freshwater pearls are treated with bleach after they have been drilled (typically). This is the reason one rarely sees a lot of undrilled loose pearls. The bleaching can make them a little more brittle to the drill. Bleaching with freshwater pearls is nearly 100% universal. Freshwater pearls are also polished to enhance luster.
The bleach used in the pictures is a very mild type of bleach. The main active ingredient is H2O2, aka Hydrogen Peroxide. There are a lot of other chemicals used such as Na2CO3 (Sodium carbonate). One chemical actually reacts with the lights, which is why the bleaching rooms are filled with lights. The rooms are also temperature controlled, always below 20 C.
The bleaching solution is not universal. Every factory actually mixes chemicals on site. The success or failure of a factory depends heavily on the skills of the chemist mixing the ingredients. If the bleach is too strong the pearls can be damaged (appear very chalky), if the bleach is too weak the desired effect will not be achieved.